Whilst Harvard referencing is the most commonly used approach in the university, there are exceptions, so please check with your course.
Cite Them Right Online covers most styles. After logging in, select the style you want and select the first option on the right for a general introduction.
OSCOLA is the style used for law. The acronym OSCOLA stands for Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities.
There is guidance about this in the law library guide and Cite Them Right (select OSCOLA, and then the first option on the right for a general introduction).
Psychology courses use APA (American Psychological Association) style (7th edition), which is an author-date style similar to Harvard Cite Them Right.
There is guidance on Cite Them Right (select APA and then the first option on the right for a general introduction).
Additionally, the APA website has a Common Reference Example Guide plus Tutorials and Webinars and other instructional aids.
The School of Psychology also produces an Assessed Work in Psychology document covering referencing.
The IEEE style is sometimes used in the School of Computing Science and Engineering.
There is guidance on Cite Them Right (select IEEE and then the first option on the right for a general introduction). You could use the latest version of the IEEE Referencing Guide, which can be found on the IEEE Editorial Style Manual webpage.
The Modern Languages Association uses an author-location style.
There is guidance on Cite Them Right (select MLA and then the first option on the right for a general introduction).
As well as using Cite Them Right, you will also find help on the MLA website - e.g. examples of works cited, and sample essays.
The Chicago Manual of Style has recommendations for Author-Date style but is better known for its Notes and Bibliography Style (i.e. a numeric system).
There is guidance on Cite Them Right (select Chicago and then the first option on the right for a general introduction).
You could also use the Citation Quick Guide on Chicago Manual of Style Online. Additionally, Kate Turabian’s student guide to Chicago Style (A manual for writers…) is available online via Library Search, and covers referencing in this format.
The Modern Humanities Research Association is mostly associated with its footnotes/endnotes style, although they also support author-date referencing.
There is guidance on Cite Them Right for the former (select MHRA and then the first option on the right for a general introduction).
You could also use the relevant sections of the MHRA Style Guide Online
'Oxford referencing' may refer to OSCOLA - Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities, or can be used as a generic term for referencing styles which use footnotes/endnotes, such as those associated with MHRA and Chicago.
If you are asked to use Oxford, you should seek clarification from your tutors for specific guidance.
Harvard referencing is a generic term used to refer to author-date referencing. Whilst Harvard referencing is the most commonly used approach in the university, there are exceptions, so please check with your course.
The library has a Harvard Referencing Quick Guide, which gives examples of commonly used sources.
With the Harvard approach, the in-text reference uses the author and date of publication to refer the reader to a list of references arranged alphabetically by author. There is an example below of an in-text reference and an entry in a list of references. You will also find a sample text and reference list using Harvard on Cite Them Right.
Pears and Shields (2022) suggest x
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing, 12th ed. London: Macmillan.
The list of references is not included in the word count, but in-text references are. Therefore, the use of Harvard referencing does increase your word count compared to numeric referencing styles. This is not normally significant unless an excessive number of references are used. You should check whether there is any allowance for the word count - allowing up to ten per cent above the set amount is quite common.
