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If there is no date, use 'no date' instead of the date.
You would typically use the organisation name (e.g. BBC) if there is no author. If there is no organisation, you could use the title and if there is no title, you could use the URL.
When referring to a specific section, the in-text reference should include page numbers or other location information (for single pages, use 'p.' and for a page range, use 'pp.'). You should provide location information when quoting from a source unless the source is very short (i.e. a short webpage).
Quotations of up to three lines should be in quotation marks (CTR suggests single quotation marks). For quotations longer than this, use a separate indented paragraph with single-line spacing instead of quotation marks.
If a source has four or more authors, use the first author followed by 'et al' in the citation and list of references. Some lecturers may specify using all authors in the list of references, but the first author and 'et al' is generally accepted.
Use 'cited in' or 'quoted in' for a source you have read about in another source: (Smith, 2020, cited in Jones, 2021) or Smith states "x x" (2020, quoted in Jones, 2021). In CTR Harvard, only the source you have read is included in the list of references (i.e. Jones, 2021). It is preferable to read and reference the original source if possible.
A DOI (digital object identifier) should be used in preference to standard URLs. You should preface this with https://doi.org/. Do not use a date accessed with a DOI.
Use letters to distinguish between sources with the same author and date: Smith (2024a), followed by Smith (2024b).
Only include the edition if it is not the first edition.
If there is more than one place of publication, use wherever is closest to your current location.
For reprints, use the date of the original publication after the author and the date of reprint after the publisher. If the book is in translation, include a note on the translator. There is an example in the Harvard references.
For non-English sources, it is advisable to provide a translation in square brackets after the title. If you use books that use a non-Roman script, you can use the original or transliterate the title. You should always transliterate the author.
The format for a journal article is Surname, Initial. (date of publication) ‘Title of article’, Title of Publication, volume number (issue number), the page range of the article. Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: day month year). Use Title Text for publication titles (e.g. Hospital Pharmacy rather than Hospital pharmacy).
The use of footnotes and endnotes is not typical when using Harvard referencing. However, there are examples, such as the article Bouncing on a huge inflatable Stonehenge. Note that endnotes and footnotes are not used for the references but only for authorial notes. The endnotes appear before the list of references.
The list of references is not included in the word count, but in-text references are. Therefore, the use of Harvard referencing does increase your word count compared to numeric referencing styles. This is not ordinarily significant unless an excessive number of references are used. You should check whether there is any allowance for the word count - allowing up to ten per cent above the set amount is quite common.
Use ‘no date’ in place of the date
Use the name of the organisation, which will usually be listed as the copyright holder. If there is no author or organisation, use the title (in italics); if there is no title, then use the URL.
You do not need to reference things that are common knowledge, e.g. that Tony Blair was UK Prime Minister from 1997 to 2007 does not need a reference. Opinions on what is common knowledge can differ from one person to another and in different contexts, so you need to exercise some judgment as to what is appropriate.
Sometimes, you should provide a reference for ephemera and Cite Them Right provides examples. However, it can often be more appropriate to write about such things without formally referencing them, and you should use some judgment about whether a formal reference is appropriate in the context in which you are using them.
The list of references and bibliography (if used) should be excluded from the word count. In-text references when using Harvard are included in the word count.
The format is either hh:mm:ss or mm:ss (i.e. hour/minutes/seconds)
Use the location nearest to your location.
Including a translation of the title of non-English sources in square brackets after the title is advisable. If the title is in a non-roman script, you may also provide a transliteration before the translation if you wish. If the author is in non-roman script, then you should transliterate it.
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